Assessment of degradation and restoration of riparian zones

Abstract

Rivers are a source of fresh surface water and have become the focal points of development with time. Drastic increase in population has led to degradation of water resources. Five elements essential to keep a river healthy are physical structure, water quantity, water quality, organisms and riparian zone. Riparian zones are the most important among these as replenishment of riparian vegetation can uplift the conditions of other elements in turn rejuvenating the river. The role of riparian zones has been established through research thus making riparian restoration an important concern at national level in various countries. A review of policies and other legislative provisions related to stream management in India reflects the lack in riparian zone regulation. Focus of this study is assessment and restoration of degraded riparian zones. For assessment of riparian zones, micro-watersheds along the stream of river Narmada, watershed ‘B12NAM02’ of middle Narmada sub-basin is selected as it depicts the typical characters of Narmada Basin. The study area consists of parts of Hoshangabad and Sehore Districts. Vegetative component has been chosen for detailed study based on availability of data. Degraded riparian zones are identified through a three-step rapid assessment which are mapping problems of the area, scrutinizing riparian land cover and applying toolkit QBR (‘Quality del Bosco de Ribera’), Hydrological characters and vegetation are studied through temporal analysis along with geomorphological characters for delineated area. Four riparian zones (two stretches of river) have been selected for detailed interventions by applying toolkit TRARC (Tropical Rapid Appraisal of Riparian Condition) that gives level of degradation in riparian zones. Interventions are suggested at three levels. Problems related to adjacent land cover are addressed through plantation plan and various management strategies. Strategies to mitigate the issues identified on watershed level are discussed like establishment of bio-filters, redefining activities on pre-defined land use, establishment of eco-park etc. An attempt has been made to address issues related to policy and legislative provisions in Indian context by giving suggestions of unified guidelines for the management of riparian zones.